Forest Conservation Resources - Archive

Note: If you don't find what you're looking for here, be sure to check the current website pages under the above tabs for Forest Conservation and Community Forestry. Each page has links in the left and/or right hand columns that open up to additional pages. For example, Fire and Forest Ecology opens up to links to additional topics such as forest threats, salvage logging, threatened habitats and more. Each of these may also open up to additional pages. There is a lot of information here. Thanks for dropping by.

Prominent Plans and Projects

Management Indicator Species Plan Amendment

Sierra Forest Legacy's Appeal of Record of Decision (145KB PDF)
Forest Service Record of Decision(ROD) (138KB PDF).
Forest Service's Management Indicator Species website (URL)
Sierra Forest Legacy's Comment letter on the proposed MIS Amendment (56KB PDF).
Appendix E of the Sierra Nevada Framework (1.3MB PDF).
Forest Service list of current Management Indicator Species for the Sierra Nevada (128KB PDF).
Lawsuit filed September 9, 2008 (53 KB)

Species Monitoring Science

Giant Sequoia National Monument

Giant Sequoia National Monument (GSNM) Proclamation (28KB PDF).
Sierra Forest Legacy Appeal of the Record of Decision an Final EIS (320KB PDF).
Sierra Forest Legacy Complaint for Injunctive Relief 120(KB PDF).
Court Decision on Complaint filed by California Attorney General (156KB PDF).
Court Decision on Complaint filed by Sierra Forest Legacy (128KB PDF).
Complaint filed by CA Attorney General against GSNM Fire Plan (40KB PDF).
SFL response to the victory by the California Attorney General in Fire Plan case (13KB PDF).

Angora Fire at South Lake Tahoe

Conservation Community Wildfire Protection Plan for Sierra Nevada Communities (URL)
Angora Fire Assessment (7.5MB PDF)
Angora-Safford Fire Effects (1.7MB PDF)
Tahoe Mountain News Flier (244 KB PDF)

Existing Forest Plans

El Dorado National Forest - 1989 - Not available online
Humboldt National Forest - 1986 (URL)
Toiyabe National Forest - 1986 (URL)
Inyo National Forest - 1988 - Not available online
Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit - 1988 (URL)
Lassen National Forest - 1992 (URL)
Modoc National Forest - 1991 (URL)
Plumas National Forest - 1988 (URL)
Sequoia National Forest - 1988 - Not available online
Sierra National Forest - 1991 (URL)
Stanislaus National Forest -1991 - Updated Forest Plan Direction (3.6MB PDF)
Tahoe National Forest - 1990 (109MB PDF)
Sierra Nevada Framework Plan - 2001 (URL)
Sierra Nevada Framework Revisions - 2004 (URL)

Laws, Policy and Regulations

Recent Important Case Law (Go to main website page for current updates)

Key Forest Service Policy Affecting the Sierra Nevada

Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment (Framework)

2001 U.S. Forest Service Record of Decision (808KB PDF)
Appendix E (1.3MB PDF)

Sierra Nevada Framework Plan Revisions

Sierra Forest Legacy Draft Supplemental EIS Comments (614KB PDF)
California Resources Agency Draft Supplemental EIS Comments (218KB PDF)
California Attorney General Draft Supplemental EIS Comments (1.82MB PDF)
U.S. Forest Service Washington Office Draft Supplemental EIS Comments (162KB PDF)
U.S. Forest Service Record of Decision on Final Supplemental EIS (775KB PDF)
Sierra Forest Legacy Notice of Appeal of the Record of Decision (694KB PDF)
California Attorney General Notice of Appeal of the Record of Decision (2.82MB PDF)
U.S. Forest Service Appeal Decision (801KB PDF)
Sierra Forest Legacy Complaint for Injunctive Relief (185KB PDF)
California Attorney General Complaint for Injunctive Relief (880KB PDF)
Sierra Forest Legacy Memo in Support of Summary Judgment (270KB PDF)
History of Framework and Revision -- Article in Fremontia (1103 KB)
Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals May, 2008 Decision Ruling that Revisions Violate NEPA (101KB PDF)
District Court Framework Ruling, August 1, 2008--read here (286 KB PDF)
District Court Rules on California Attorney General's Lawsuit, August 19, 2008 (258 KB)
Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Affirms 2008 Decision -- August 13, 2009 (46 KB)

Proposed Management Indicator Species Plan Amendment

Sierra Forest Legacy's Appeal of Record of Decision (145KB PDF)
Forest Service Record of Decision(ROD) (138KB PDF).
Forest Service's Management Indicator Species website (URL)
Sierra Forest Legacy's Comment letter on the proposed MIS Amendment (56KB PDF).
Appendix E of the Sierra Nevada Framework (1.3MB PDF).
Forest Service list of current Management Indicator Species for the Sierra Nevada (128KB PDF).

Species Monitoring Science

Healthy Forests Initiative

2003 Healthy Forests Restoration Act (108KB PDF)

Roadless Area Conservation

Maps of Sierra Nevada National Forest’s Roadless Areas

El Dorado – 82, 000 acres (444KB PDF)

Humboldt-Toiyabe – 3,384,000 acres (504KB PDF)

Inyo – 837,000 acres (657KB PDF)

Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit – 46,000 acres (343KB PDF)

Lassen – 168,000 acres (262KB PDF)

Modoc – 201,000 acres (28KB PDF)

Plumas – 65,000 acres (299KB PDF)

Sequoia – 346,000 acres (452KB PDF)

Sierra – 171,000 acres (449KB PDF)

Stanislaus – 139,000 acres (368KB PDF)

Tahoe – 147,000 acres (350KB PDF)

Off-highway Vehicle Regulations

October 2007 U.S. Forest Service Region 5 Status Report (1.33MB PDF)
2007 U.S. Forest Service Proposed Travel Management Directives (151KB PDF)
2005 U.S. Forest Service Travel Management Final Rule (220KB PDF)

Sierra Nevada National Forests Route Designation Websites

El Dorado (URL)

Humboldt-Toiyabe (URL)

Inyo (URL)

Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit (URL)

Lassen (URL)

Modoc (URL)

Plumas (URL)

Sequoia (URL)

Sierra (URL)

Stanislaus (URL)

Tahoe (URL)

Forest Planning Regulations

National Forest Management Act (NFMA)

National Forest Management Act of 1976 (60KB PDF)
National Forest Management Act Chronology (20KB PDF)
2000 Forest Planning Rule (URL)
2005 Final Rule Removing 2000 Planning Rule (105KB PDF)
2005 Forest Planning Final Rule (212KB PDF)
2005 Final Rule Transition Language (51KB PDF)
2005 Planning Rule Federal District Court Ruling (180KB PDF)
2006 Forest Planning Directives (214KB PDF)
2006 Forest Planning Environmental Management System (EMS) Directives (51KB PDF)
2006 U.S. Forest Service Region 5 EMS Strategy Update (124KB PPT)
2006 U.S. Forest Service Region 5 Planning Strategy (108KB PPT)
2006 U.S. Forest Service New Planning Collaborative Outline (86KB PDF)
2007 Forest Planning Proposed Rule (218KB PDF)
U.S. Forest Service Planning Website (URL)
WildLaw’s White Paper Reviewing New NFMA Planning Regulations (221KB PDF)

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

National Environmental Policy Act (26KB PDF)
Council on Environmental Quality NEPA Website (URL)
NEPA Flow Chart (48KB PDF)
NEPA Under Siege: A Report by Robert G. Dreher of the Georgetown Environmental Law and Policy Institute (648KB PDF)

Categorical Exclusions (CE)

2003 Categorical Exclusion for Fire Management (134KB PDF)
Sierra Club and Sierra Nevada Forest Protection Campaign v. Bosworth et.al. (70KB PDF)
2003 Categorical Exclusion for Timber Harvest (134KB PDF)
2003 Sierra Forest Legacy Analysis of Categorical Exclusions from NEPA for Fire Management and Timber Harvest (211KB PDF)
2004 Sierra Forest Legacy Fire Management CE Complaint for Injunctive Relief (291KB PDF)
2005 Sierra Forest Legacy Fire Management CE Denial of Motion for Summary Judgment (117KB PDF)
2005 Sierra Forest Legacy Fire Management CE Memo in support of Summary Judgment (267KB PDF)
2006 Sierra Forest Legacy Fire Management CE Reply Brief to 9th Circuit (155KB PDF)
2006 Categorical Exclusion for Land Management Plans (108KB PDF)

Appeals Reform Act (ARA)

Appeals Reform Act of 1992 (8KB PDF)
2003 Bush Administration Final Rule (235KB PDF)

Sierra Nevada Wildlife at Risk

Amphibians

Sierra Nevada Mountain yellow-legged frog

Scientific Research

Bradford, D. F. 1991. Mass mortality and extinction in a high-elevation population of Rana muscosa. Journal of Herpetology 25(2) 174-177 (321KB PDF)

Briggs, C.J., et. Al. 2005.Investigating the Population-level Effects of Chytridiomycosis: An Emerging Infectious Disease of Amphibians. Ecology 86(12) 3149-3159 (242KB PDF)

Fellers, G.M., D.F. Bradford, et al. 2007. Demise of Repatriated Populations of Mountain Yellow-legged Frogs (Rana Muscosa) in the Sierra Nevada of California. Herptological Conservation and Biology 2(1) 5-21 (562KB PDF)

Knapp, R.A. and K.R. Matthews. 2000. Non-native fish introductions and the decline of the mountain yellow-legged frog from within protected areas. Conservation Biology 14, 428-438 (180KB PDF)

Macey, J.R., Strasburg, J.L., Brisson, J.A., Vredenburg, V.T., Jennings, M. & Larson, A. (2001). Molecular phylogenetics of western North American frogs of the Rana boylii species group. Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution 19(1) 131–143 (137KB PDF)

Matthews, K.R. and K.L. Pope, 1999. A Telemetric Study of the Movement Patterns and Habitat Use of Rana muscosa, the Mountain Yellow-legged Frog, in a High-elevation Basin in Kings Canyon National Park, California. Journal of Herptology 33(4) 615-624 (276KB PDF)

Pope, K.L. and K.R. Matthews. 2001. Movement ecology and seasonal distribution of mountain yellow-legged frogs, Rana muscosa, in a high-elevation Sierra Nevada basin. Copeia 2001(3) 787-793 (177KB PDF)

Pope, K.L. and K.R. Matthews. 2002. Influence of anuran prey on the condition and distribution of Rana muscosa in the Sierra Nevada.Herpetologica 58(3) 354-363 (161KB PDF)

Vredenburg, V.M. 2004. Reversing introduced species effects: Experimental removal of introduced fish leads to rapid recovery of a declining frog. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(20) 7646-7650 (340KB PDF)

Vredenburg, Vance, Gary M. Fellers, and Carlos Davidson. 2005. Rana muscosa Camp 1917, Mountain Yellow-legged Frog. Pp. 563-566. In: Michael Lannoo (Ed.), Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species. Volume 2: Species Accounts. University of California Press, Berkeley, California (172KB PDF)

Vredenburg, V.T., R. Bingham, R. Knapp, J.A.T. Morgan, C. Moritz, and D. Wake. 2007. Concordant molecular and phenotypic data delineate new taxonomy and conservation priorities for the endangered mountain yellow-legged frog. J. Zoology 271(361-374). (423KB PDF)

Supporting Resources

2007 Finding by USFWS of Warranted but Precluded listing under ESA (69KB PDF)

2006 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruling requiring USFWS to substantiate Warranted but Precluded listing (57KB PDF)

2003 Finding by USFWS of Warranted but Precluded listing (126KB PDF)

2003 Complaint to USFWS challenging delay of listing by Earthjustice on behalf of the Center for Biological Diversity and Pacific River Council (139KB PDF)

2000 Petition to USFWS to list as Endangered by the Center for Biological Diversity and Pacific Rivers Council (230KB PDF)

California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (13KB PDF

California Red-legged frog

Scientific Research

Davidson, C., and H.B. Shaffer, et al. 2001. Declines of the California Red-legged frog: Climate, UV-B, Habitat, and Pesticides Hypotheses. Ecological Applications 11(2) 464-479. (202KB PDF)

Fellers, G. M. and G. Guscio. 2004. California red-legged frog surveys of Lower Redwood Creek, Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Prepared for National Park Service.
USGS, Western Ecological Research Center, Point Reyes, CA. 62pp. (244KB PDF)

Supporting Resources

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species Profile

2006 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Designation of Critical Habitat (307KB PDF)

2006 Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) – Environmental Protection Agency
Settlement Agreement Prohibiting 66 Pesticides in core habitat (174KB PDF)

CBD List of 66 Pesticides banned from core habitat (41KB PDF)

2005 CBD Legal victory forcing EPA to consider effect of Pesticides (51KB PDF)

2002 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Recovery Plan (2.37MB PDF)

2002 Consent Decree Decision (162KB PDF)

1999 Complaint seeking Designation of Critical Habitat (34KB PDF)

1996 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Determination of Threatened Status (154KB PDF)

California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (13KB PDF)

Yosemite toad

Scientific Research

Davidson, C. and G. M. Fellers. 2005. Bufo canorus Camp 1916, Yosemite Toad. Pp. 400-401. Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species. Volume 2: Species Accounts. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. (156KB PDF)

Grasso, R.L., 2005. Palatability and Antipredator Response of Yosemite Toad (Bufo Canorus) to Nonnative Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Masters Thesis, California State University, Sacramento. (666KB PDF)

Kagarise Sherman, C., and M. L. Morton. 1993. Population declines of Yosemite toads in the eastern Sierra Nevada of California. Journal of Herpetology 27 (2), 186–98. (1014KB PDF)

Martin, D. L. 1991. Captive Husbandry as a Technique to Conserve a Species of Special Concern, the Yosemite toad. Fifth Conference on the Captive Propagation and Husbandry of Reptiles and Amphibians. Northern California Herpetological Society, University of California, Davis, CA. Pp.16-32 (1.55MB PDF)

Shaffer, H. Bradley, S.H., G.M. Fellers, A. Magee, and S.R. Voss. 2000. The Genetics of Amphibian Declines: Population Substructure and Molecular Differentiation in the Yosemite Toad, Bufo canorus (Anura, Bufonidae) Based on Single-strand Conformation Polymorphism Analysis (SSCP) and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Data. Molecular Ecology 9, 245–257 (810KB PDF)

Supporting Resources

2000 Petition to USFWS to List as Endangered Species (67KB PDF)

2002 finding by USFWS of Warranted but Precluded status (URL)

California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (12KB PDF

Birds

Black-backed woodpecker

Scientific Research

Hutto, R.L. 2006. Toward Meaningful Snag-Management Guidelines for Postfire Salvage Logging in North American Conifer Forests. Conservation Biology 20(4):984-993. (325KB PDF)

Saab, V.A., J. Dudley, and W.L. Thompson. 2004. Factors Influencing Occupancy of Nest Cavities in Recently Burned Forests. The Condor 106: 20-36. (183KB PDF)

Supporting Resources

California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (13KB PDF)

California Spotted owl

Scientific Research

Bart, J., and E.D. Forsman. 1992. Dependence of Northern Spotted Owls Strix Occidentalis Caurina on Old-Growth Forests in The Western U.S.A. Biological Conservation 62, 95-100 (470KB PDF)

Blakesley J.A., B.R. Noon and D. W. H. Shaw. 2001. Demography of the California Spotted Owl in Northeastern California. The Condor103(4) 667–677. (132KB PDF)

Blakesley, J.A. 2003. Ecology of the California Spotted Owl: Breeding Dispersal and Associations With Forest Stand Characteristics in Northeastern California. Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State University, 69 Pp. (12.35MB PDF)

Blakesley, J.A., B.R. Noon and D.R. Anderson. 2005. Site Occupancy, Apparent Survival, and Reproduction of California Spotted Owls in Relation to Forest Stand Characteristics. Journal of Wildlife Management 69(4)1554–1564. (118KB PDF)

Blakesley, J.A., D.W.H. Shaw and B.R. Noon. 2005. Ecology of the California Spotted Owl on The Lassen National Forest, 1990-2004; Final Report. Colorado State University. Fort Collins, Colorado. (242KB PDF)

Blakesley, J.A., D.R. Anderson and B.R. Noon. 2006. Breeding Dispersal in the California Spotted Owl. The Condor 108, 71–81 (120KB PDF)

Bond, M.L., et.al. 2002. Short-term Effects of Wildfires on Spotted Owl Survival, Site Fidelity, Mate Fidelity, and Reproductive Success. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30(4) 1022-1028. (641KB PDF)

Bond, M.L., M.E. Seamans, and R.J. Guitierrez. 2004. Modeling Nesting Habitat Selection of California Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) in the Central Sierra Nevada Using Standard Forest Inventory Metrics. Forest Science, 56(6) 773-780. (89KB PDF)

Chatfield, A.H. 2005. Habitat Selection by a California Spotted Owl Population: A Landscape Scale Analysis Using Resource Selection Functions. Master of Science Thesis, University Of Minnesota. St. Paul, Minnesota. (1.12MB PDF)

Franklin, A.B., D. R. Anderson, R. J. Gutierrez, and K.P. Burnham. 2000. Climate, Habitat Quality, and Fitness in Northern Spotted Owl Populations in Northwestern California. Ecological Monographs,70(4) 539–590. (679KB PDF)

Gutierrez, R.J., and G.F. Barrowclough2. 2005. Redefining the Distributional Boundaries of the Northern and California Spotted Owls: Implications For Conservation. The Condor107:182–187. (522KB PDF)

Kelly, E.G, and E.D. Forsman. 2004. Recent Records of Hybridization Between Barred Owls (Strix Varia) and Northern Spotted Owls (S. Occidentalis Caurina). The Auk121(3) 806–810. (59KB PDF)

LaHaye, W.S., R.J. Gutierrez, and J.R. Dunk. 2001. Natal Dispersal of the Spotted Owl in Southern California: Dispersal Profile of an Insular Population. The Condor103, 691–700 (98KB PDF)

LaHaye, W.S., R. J. Gutierrez, and G.S. Zimmerman. 2004. Temporal Variation in the Vital Rates of an Insular Population of Spotted Owls (Strix Occidentalis Occidentalis): Contrasting Effects of Weather. The Auk121(4) 1056–1069. (160KB PDF)

Lee, D.C., and L.L. Irwin. 2005. Assessing Risks to Spotted Owls From Forest Thinning in Fire-Adapted Forests of the Western United States. Forest Ecology and Management 211, 191–209. (772KB PDF)

Munton, T.E., K.D. Johnson, G.N. Steger, and G.P, Eberlin. 2002. Diets of California Spotted Owls in the Sierra National Forest. Proceedings of a Symposium on The Kings River Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Project: Progress and Current Status. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-183, Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service. Pp. 99-106. (264KB PDF)

Noon, B.R., and A.B. Franklin. 2002. Scientific Research and the Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis): Opportunities for Major Contributions to Avian Population Ecology. The Auk119(2) 311–320. (94KB PDF)

North, M., G. Steger, R. Denton, G. Eberlin, T. Munton, and K. Johnson. 2000. Association of Weather and Nest-Site Structure with Reproductive Success in California Spotted Owls. Journal of Wildlife Management 64(3) 797-807. (942KB PDF)

Peterson, A.T., and C.R. Robins. 2003. Using Ecological-Niche Modeling to Predict Barred Owl Invasions with Implications for Spotted Owl Conservation. Conservation Biology 17(4) 1161-1165. (1.23MB PDF)

Seamans, M.E. 2005. Population Biology of the California Spotted Owl in the Central Sierra Nevada. Ph.D. Dissertation. University Of Minnesota. St. Paul, Minnesota. (1.3MB PDF)

Steger, G.N., T.E. Munton, K.D. Johnson, and G.P Eberlin. 2002. Demography of the California Spotted Owl in the Sierra National Forest and Sequoia/Kings Canyon National. Proceedings of a Symposium on The Kings River Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Project: Progress And Current Status. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-183, Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service. 107-116. (637KB PDF)

Steger, G.N., T.E. Munton, K.D. Johnson, and G.E. Eberlin. 1997. Characteristics of California Spotted Owl Nest Sites in Foothill Riparian and Oak Woodlands of the Southern Sierra Nevada, California. U.S. Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-160. (133KB PDF)

Steger, G.N., T.E. Munton, K.D. Johnson, and G.E. Eberlin. 1997. Characteristics of Nest Trees and Nest Sites of California Spotted Owls in Coniferous Forests of the Southern Sierra Nevada. Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society 33:30-3. (954KB PDF)

Temple, D.J., and R.J. Gutierrez. 2004. Factors Related to Fecal Corticosterone Levels in California Spotted Owls: Implications for Assessing Chronic Stress. Conservation Biology 18(2) 538-547. (211KB PDF)

Washburn, B.E., et.al. 2004. Factors Related to Fecal Estrogens and Fecal Testosterone in California Spotted Owls. The Condor106, 567–579 (118KB PDF)

Weathers, W.W., P.J. Hodum, and J.A. Blakesley. 2001. Thermal Ecology and Ecological Energetics of California Spotted Owls. The Condor103:678–690. (122KB PDF)

Zielinski, W.J., C. Carroll, and J.R. Dunk. 2006. Using Landscape Suitability Models to Reconcile Conservation Planning for two key Forest Predators. Biological Conservation. 2006. (2.33MB PDF)

Zimmerman, G.S., W.S. LaHaye, and R.J. Gutierrez. 2003. Empirical Support for a Despotic Distribution in a California Spotted Owl Population. Behavioral Ecology 14(3) 433–437. (103KB PDF)

Verner, J., K.S. McKelvey, B.R. Noon, R. J. Gutiérrez, G.I. Gould, Jr., and T.W. Beck. 1992. The California Spotted Owl: A Technical Assessment of Its Current Status. Pacific SW Research Station U.S. Forest Service. (URL)

Supporting Resources

2006 USFWS finding of Warranted but Precluded listing (154KB PDF)

2004 Updated petition to list as Endangered (1.13MB PDF)

2003 USFWS finding of

Warranted but Precluded listing (170KB PDF)

2003 Conservation Organizations Notice of Petition to List (99KB PDF)

2000 Petition to list under Endangered Species Act (531KB PDF)

California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (17KB PDF)

Flammulated owl

Scientific Research

Hayward, G.D. and J. Verner, Eds. 1994. Flammulated, Boreal and Great Gray Wols in the United States: A technical conservation assessment. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-253. Fort Collins, CO. (30MB PDF)

Reynolds,R.T. and B.D. Linkhart. 1992. Flammulated Owls in ponderosa pine: evidence of preference for old growth. In Old-growth forests in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain regions: proceedings a workshop. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-213. (131KB PDF)

Supporting Resources

California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (15KB PDF)

Great gray owl

Scientific Research

Henjum, M.G., and E.L. 1990. Ecology of the Great Grey Owl. Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Portland, OR. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-265. (2.4MB PDF)

Sears, C.L. 2006. Assessing Distribution, Habitat Suitability, and Site Occupancy of Great Gray Owls (Strix nebulosa) in California. M.S. Thesis, University of California, Davis. (856KB PDF)

Van Riper III, C. and J. van Wagtendonk. 2006. Home Range Characteristics of Great Gray Owls in Yosemite National Park, California. The Journal of Raptor Research 40(2) (382KB PDF)

Supporting Resources

California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (14KB PDF)

Northern goshawk

Scientific Research

Beier, P., and J.E. Drennan. 1997. Forest Structure and Prey Abundance in Foraging Areas of Northern Goshawks. Ecological Applications7(2) 564–571. (108KB PDF)

Block, W.M., M.L. Morrison, and M.H. Reiser.1993. The Northern Goshawk: Ecology and Management. Proceedings of a Symposium of the Cooper Ornithological Society Sacramento, California, 1993. Studies in Avian Biology No. 16, a Publication of the Cooper Ornithological Society. (11MB PDF)

Bloxton Jr., T.D. 2002. Prey Abundance, Space Use, Demography, and Foraging Habitat of Northern Goshawks in Western Washington. Masters Degree Thesis, University of Washington. Seattle, Washinton. (236KB PDF)

Boal, C.W., D.E. Andersen, and P.L. Kennedy. 2003. Home Range and Residency Status of Northern Goshawks Breeding in Minnesota. The Condor105, 811–816. (485KB PDF)

Greenwald, D.N., D.C. Crocker-Bedford, L. Broberg, K.F. Sucking, and T. Tibbitts. 2005. A Review of Northern Goshawk Habitat Selection in the Home Range and Implications for Management in the Western United States. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(1) 120-129. (2.8MB PDF)

Mcclaren, E.L., P.L. Kennedy, and S.R. Dewey. 2002. Do Some Northern Goshawk Nest Areas Consistently Fledge More Young Than Others? The Condor104, 343–352. (117KB PDF)

Weber, T.T. 2006. Northern Goshawk (Accipiter Gentilis) Nesting Habitat in Northwestern California. An Examination of Three Spatial Scales: The Nest Area, the Post-Fledging Area, and the Home Range. Masters Degree Thesis, Humboldt State University. Arcata California. (217KB PDF)

Wiens, D.J., B.R. Noon, and R.T. Reynolds. Post-fledgling survival of Northern Goshawks: the importance of prey abundance, weather and dispersal. Ecological Applications 16(1):406-418. (106KB PDF)

Supporting Resources

1998 Denial of Listing by U.S. FWS as Endangered or Threatened (URL)

California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (14KB PDF)

Olive-sided flycatcher

Scientific Research

Kotlier, N.B. 2007. Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus cooperi): A Technical Conservation Assessment. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. (1.6MB PDF)

Marshall, J.T. 1988. Birds lost from a giant sequoia forest during fifty years. The Condor 90, 359-372. (1.1MB PDF)

Robertson, B. and R.L. Hutto. 2007. Is selectively harvested forest an ecological trap for the olive-sided flycatcher? Condor 109:109-201. (263KB PDF)

Supporting Resources

California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (12KB PDF)

Pileated woodpecker

Scientific Research

Bull, E.L., 2001. Survivorship of Pileated Woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Field Ornithology, 72(1): 131-135. (611KB PDF)

Bull, E.L., et.al., 2005. Short-Term Effects of Fuel Reduction on Pileated Woodpeckers in Northeastern Oregon - A Pilot Study. Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, RP-564. (573KB PDF)

Hartwig, C.L., et.al., 2004.Characteristics of pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) cavity trees and their patches on southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management, 187: 225-234. (136KB PDF)

Supporting Resources

California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (14KB PDF)

Willow flycatcher

Scientific Research

Flett, M.A., and S.D. Sanders. Ecology of a Sierra Nevada Population of Willow Flycatcher. Western Birds 18, 37-42. (89KB PDF)

Green, G.A., H.L. Bombay, and M.L. Morrison. 2003. Conservation Assessment of the Willow Flycatcher in the Sierra Nevada. Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation and the University of California. (431KB PDF)

Mccreedy, C., and S.K. Heath. 2004. Atypical Willow Flycatcher Nesting Sites in a Recovering Riparian Corridor at Mono Lake, California. Western Birds 35, 197-209. (294KB PDF)

Sanders, S.D., and M.A. Flett. 1989. Montane Riparian Habitat and Willow Flycatchers: Threats to a Sensitive Environment and Species. U.S. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110. (123KB PDF)

Sanders, S.D. and M.A. Flett. 1989. Ecology of a Sierra Nevada population of willow flycatchers (Empidonax trailli), 1986-87. California Department of Fish and Game, 26pp. (9.6MB PDF)

Supporting Resources

California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (14KB PDF)

Fish

Golden trout

Scientific Research

Knapp, R.A., V.T. Vredenburg, and K.R. Matthews. 1998. Effects of Stream Channel Morphology on Golden Trout Spawning Habitat and Population Structure. Ecological Applications 8(4) 1104-1117. (278KB PDF)

Knapp, R.A. and K.R. Matthews. 1996. Livestock Grazing, Golden Trout, and Streams in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California: Impacts and Management Implications. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16, 805-820. (1.76MB PDF)

Matthews, K.R. 1996. Habitat Selection and Movement Patterns of California Golden Trout in Degraded and Recovering Stream Sections Within the Golden Trout Wilderness, California. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16, 579-590. (1.23MB PDF)

Matthews, K.R. 1996. Diel Movement and Habitat Use of California Golden Trout in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125, 78-86. (762KB PDF)

Supporting Resources

2004 Conservation Assessment and Strategy for the California Golden Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)Tulare County, California (2.5MB PDF)

2002 finding by USFWS of warranted status (URL)

Chinook

Scientific Research

Erman. N. 1996. Status of Aquatic Invertebrates. In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlife Resources (290KB PDF)

Kondolf, G.M., R. Kattelmann, M. Embury, and D.C. Erman. 1996. Status of Riparian Habitat. In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlife Resources (1.4 MB PDF)

Moyle, P. 1996. Potential Aquatic Diversity Management Areas. In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlife Resources. (240 KB PDF)

Moyle, P.B., R.N. Yoshiyama, and R.A. Knapp. 1996. Status of Fish and Fisheries. In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlife Resources. (373 KB PDF)

Yoshiyama, R.N., E.R. Gerstung, F.W. Fisher, and P.B. Moyle. 1996. Historical and Present Distribution of Chinook Salmon in the Central Valley Drainage of California. 1996. In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. III, Assessments, reports, and background information. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlife Resources. (462 KB PDF)

Supporting Resources

Central Valley Chinook Threatened Species Status -- 1999 Federal Register Final Rule (URL)

Reaffirmation of Threatened Status for Chinook Salmon -- published in Federal Register in 2005 (URL)

Designation of Critical Habitat for California salmonids--Final Rule 2005 (URL)

2007 Federal Recovery Outline for the Evolutionarily Significant Units of Sacramento River Winter-run Chinook Salmon and Central Valley Spring-run Chinook Salmon and the Distinct Population Segment of California Central Valley Steelhead. Prepared by the National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Region, Sacramento Area Office (2.75 MB)

Steelhead

Scientific Research

Erman. N. 1996. Status of Aquatic Invertebrates. In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlife Resources. (290KB PDF)

Kondolf, G.M., R. Kattelmann, M. Embury, and D.C. Erman. 1996. Status of Riparian Habitat. In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlife Resources. (1.4 MB PDF)

Moyle, P. 1996. Potential Aquatic Diversity Management Areas. In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlife Resources. (240 KB PDF)

Moyle, P.B., R.N. Yoshiyama, and R.A. Knapp. 1996. Status of Fish and Fisheries. In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlife Resources. (373 KB PDF)

Yoshiyama, R.N., E.R. Gerstung, F.W. Fisher, and P.B. Moyle. 1996. Historical and Present Distribution of Chinook Salmon in the Central Valley Drainage of California. 1996. In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. III, Assessments, reports, and background information. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlife Resources. (462 KB PDF)

Supporting Resources

Central Valley Steelhead Listed as Threatened Species in 1998 Federal Register Final Rule (URL)

Reaffirmation of Threatened Status for Central Valley Steelhead -- published in Federal Register in 2006 (URL)

Designation of Critical Habitat for California salmonids--Final Rule 2005 (URL)

2007 Federal Recovery Outline for the Evolutionarily Significant Units of Sacramento River Winter-run Chinook Salmon and Central Valley Spring-run Chinook Salmon and the Distinct Population Segment of California Central Valley Steelhead. Prepared by the National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Region, Sacramento Area Office (2.75 MB)

Mammals

American marten

Scientific Research

Buskirk, S.W., and L.F. Ruggerio. 1994. The Scientific Basis for Conserving Forest Carnivores: American Marten, Fisher, Lynx and Wolverine in the Western United States USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. RM-GTR-254: Chapter 2: American Marten. Pp. 7-37. (884KB PDF)

Buskirk, S.W., and W.J. Zielinski. 1997. American marten (Martes americana) Ecology and Conservation. In: Mesocarnivores of Northern California: Biology, Management, & Survey Techniques. Pp. 17-22. (57KB PDF)

Green, R.E. 2007. Distribution and Habitat Associations of Forest Carnivores and an Evaluation of the California Wildlife Habitat Relationships Model for American Marten in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Masters Degree Thesis, Humboldt State University. Arcata, CA. (2MB PDF)

Hargis, C.D., J.A. Bissonette, and D.L. Turner. 1999. The Influence of Forest Fragmentation and Landscape Pattern on American Martens. Journal of Applied Ecology 36, 157-172. (1013KB PDF)

Kucera, T.E., W.J. Zielinski, And R.H. Barrett. 1995. Current Distribution of the American Marten, Martes Americana, in California. California Fish and Game81(3) 96-103. (129KB PDF)

Poole, K.G., A.D. Porter, A. de Vries, C. Maundrell, S.D. Grindal, and C.C. St. Clair. 2004. Suitability of a young deciduous-dominated forest for American marten and the effects of forest removal. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, 423–435. (700KB PDF)

Powell, R.A., S.W. Buskirk, and W.J. Zielinski. 2003. Fisher and Marten. In: Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation. Johns Hopkins University Press. Pp. 635-649. (3MB PDF)

Slauson, K.M., W.J. Zielinski, and J.P. Hayes. 2002. Ecology of American Martens in Coastal Northwestern California. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Redwood Sciences Laboratory. Arcata, California. (1.5MB PDF)

Slauson, K.M. 2003. Habitat Selection by American Martens (Martes americana) in Coastal Northwestern California. Masters Degree Thesis, Oregon State University. Corvalis, Oregon. (2.73MB PDF)

Zielinski, W.J., R.L. Truex, C.V. Ogan, and K. Busse. 1997. Detection Surveys for Fishers and American Martens in California, 1989-1994: Summary and Interpretations. In: Martes: Taxonomy, Ecology, Techniques, and Management, Pages 372-392. Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. (441KB PDF)

Zielinski, W.J., and N.P. Duncan. 2004. Diets of Sympatric Populations of American martens (Martes americana) And Fishers (Martes pennanti) in California. Journal of Mammalogy 85(3), 470–477. (105KB PDF)

Zielinski, W.J., R.L. Truex, F.V. Schlexer, L.A. Campbell, and C. Carroll. 2005. Historical and Contemporary Distributions of Carnivores in Forests of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Journal of Biogeography 32, 1385–1407. (33KB PDF)

Zielinski, W.J., J. Werren, and T. Kirk. 2005. Selecting Candidate Areas for Fisher (Martes pennanti) Conservation that Minimize Potential Effects on Martens (M. americana). U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Redwood Sciences Laboratory. (7.89MB PDF)

Supporting Resources

California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (14.75KB PDF)

Northern flying squirrel

Scientific Research

Carey, A.B., 2000. Effects of New Forest Management Strategies on Squirrel Populations. Ecological Applications 10(1) 248-257. (234KB PDF)

Lehmkuhl, J.F., et.al., 2004.Truffle abundance and mycophagy by northern flying squirrels in eastern Washington forests. Forest Ecology and Management 200, 9-64. (233KB PDF)

Meyer, M.D., et.al., 2005. Nest Trees of Northern Flying Squirrels in the Sierra Nevada. Journal of Mammology, 86(2) 275-280. (157KB PDF)

Pyare, S., and W.S. Longland. 2002. Interrelationships Among Northern Flying Squirrels, Truffles, and Microhabitat Structure in Sierra Nevada Old-growth Habitat. Canadian Journal of Forest Restoration 32, 1016-1024. (78KB PDF)

Rosenberg, D.K., R.G. Anthony, 1992. Characteristics of Northern Flying Squirrel Populations in Young Second and Old-growth Forests in Western Oregon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70,161-166. (486KB PDF)

Thysell, D.R., et.al., 1997. Observations of Northern Flying Squirrel Feeding Behaviors: Use of Non-Truffle Food Items. Northwestern Naturalist 78, 87-92. (158KB PDF)

Villa, L.J., et.al., 1999. Maturation and Reproduction of Northern Flying Squirrels in Pacific Northwest Forests. Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, GTR-444. (845KB PDF)

Waters, J.R., and C.J. Zabel, 1995. Northern Flying Squirrel Densities in Fir Forests of Northeastern California. Journal of Wildlife Management 59(4) 858-866. (133KB PDF)

Waters, J.R., et.al., 2000. Northern Flying Squirrel Mycophagy and Truffle Production in Fir Forests in Northeastern California. Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, GTR-178. (498KB PDF)

Zabel, C.J., J.R. Waters. 1997. Food Preferences of Captive Northern Flying Squirrels from the Lassen National Forest in Northeastern California. Northwest Science 71(2) 103-107. (420KB PDF)

Supporting Resources

California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (14KB PDF)

Pacific fisher

Scientific Research

Aubry, K.B. 2005. Fisher Conservation Populations in the Pacific States: Field Data Meet Genetics. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Science Findings, Issue 70. (KB PDF)

Boroski, B.B., et.al. 2002. Fisher Research and the Kings River Sustainable Forest Ecosystems Project: Current Results and Future Efforts. U.S. Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-183. (3.1MB PDF)

Carroll, C. 2005. A Reanalysis of Regional Fisher Suitability Including Survey Data From Commercial Forests in the Redwood Region. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Redwood Sciences Laboratory, Arcata, California. 18pp. (50KB PDF)

Powell, R.A., and W.J. Zielinski. 1994. The Scientific Basis for Conserving Forest Carnivores: American Marten, Fisher, Lynx, and Wolverine in the Western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-254. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. pp. 38-73. (838KB PDF)

Powell, R.A., S.W. Buskirk, and W.J. Zielinski. 2003. Fisher and Marten. In: Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Pp. 635-649. (3MB PDF)

Safford, H.D. 2006. Potential Impacts of Climate Change to Fisher Habitat in California: A Preliminary Assessment. U.S. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region. 29pp. (657KB PDF)

Truex, R.L., and W.J. Zielinski. 2005. Short-term Effects of Fire and Fire Surrogate Treatments on Fisher Habitat in the Sierra Nevada. U.S. Forest Service, Joint Fire Science Program. 26pp. (405KB PDF)

Wisely, S.M. et.al. 2004. Genetic Diversity and Structure of the Fisher (Martes Pennanti) in a Peninsular and Peripheral Metapopulation. Journal of Mammology, 85(4): 640-648. (550KB PDF)

Zielinski, W.J., T.E. Kucera, and R.H. Barrett. 1995. Current Distribution of the Fisher, Martes Pennanti, in California. California Fish and Game 81(3) 104-112. (815KB PDF)

Zielinski, W.J. et.al. 2004. Home Range Characteristics of Fishers in California. Journal Of Mammalogy, 85(4), 649-65. (489KB PDF)

Zielinski, W.J., and N.P. Duncan. 2004. Diets of Sympatric Populations of American Martens (Martes Americana) and Fishers (Martes Pennanti) in California. Journal of Mammalogy 85(3) 470–477. (105KB PDF)

Zielinski, W.J. et.al. 2004. Resting Habitat Selection by Fishers in California. Journal of Wildlife Management 68(3):475-492. (3.38MB PDF)

Zielinski, W.J., J. Werren, and T. Kirk. 2005. Selecting Candidate Areas for Fisher (Martes pennanti) Conservation that Minimize Potential Effects on Martens (M. americana). U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Redwood Sciences Laboratory, Arcata, CA (34KB PDF)

Zielinski, W.J., et.al. 2005. Historical and Contemporary Distributions of Carnivores in Forests of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Journal of Biogeography 32, 1385–1407. (8MB PDF)

Zielinski W.J., C. Carroll, and J.R. Dunk. 2006. Using landscape suitability models to reconcile conservation planning for two key forest predators. Biological Conservation. 22pp. (2.35KB PDF)

Zielinski, W.J., R.L. Truex, J.R. Dunk, and T. Gaman. 2006. Using Forest Inventory Data to Assess Fisher Resting Habitat Suitability in California. Ecological Applications. 16pp. (391KB PDF)

Supporting Resources

2004 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Decision not to list Pacific fisher (210KB PDF)

2003 U.S. FWS Merit Ruling for Status Review of Pacific fisher (58KB PDF)

2003 Court Decision Calling on U.S. FWS to Examine Listing the Pacific fisher (752KB PDF)

2000 Petition to list as Endangered Species (963KB PDF)

California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (14KB PDF)

Red fox

Scientific Research

Perrine, J.D., 2005. Ecology of Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the Lassen Peak Region of California U.S.A. Ph. D.Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. 251 pp. (3MB PDF)

Supporting Resources

California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (18KB PDF)

Sierra Nevada Framework Management Indicator Species (MIS)

Sierra Forest Legacy's Appeal of Record of Decision (145KB PDF)
Forest Service Record of Decision(ROD) (138KB PDF).
Forest Service's Management Indicator Species website (URL)
Sierra Forest Legacy's Comment letter on the proposed MIS Amendment (56KB PDF).
Appendix E of the Sierra Nevada Framework (1.3MB PDF).
Forest Service list of current Management Indicator Species for the Sierra Nevada (128KB PDF).

Forest Monitoring Scientific Papers

A Field-Based Evaluation of a Presence-Absence Protocol for Monitoring Ecoregional-Scale Biodiversity - Manley et.al. (691KB PDF)
Evaluation of a Multiple-Species Approach to Monitoring Species at the Ecoregional Scale - Manley et.al. (882KB PDF)

Laws Protecting Plant and Wildlife Species

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service List of Endangered and Threatened Species in CA (URL)
CA Dept. of Fish & Game List of Endangered and Threatened Animal Species (69KB PDF)
CA Dept. of Fish & Game List of Endangered and Threatened Plant Species (147KB PDF)
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Endangered Species Web Portal (URL)
California Department of Fish & Game Endangered Species Website (URL)
The Endangered Species Act (177KB PDF)
The California Endangered Species Act (URL)
The California Native Plant Protection Act (URL)

Fire and Forest Ecology

Fire Science and Research

Fire Science Research Papers

Fire Ecology

Brown, R.T., J.K. Agee, and J.F. Franklin. 2004. Forest Restoration and Fire: Principles in the Context of Place. Conservation Biology, 18(4) 903-912 (201KB PDF).

Cruz, M.G., M.E. Alexander, and R.H. Wakimoto. 2003. Assessing Canopy Fuel Stratum Characteristics in Crown Fire Prone Fuel Types of Western North America. International ournal of Wildland Fire, 12, 39-50 (195KB PDF).

DellaSala, D.A., J.E. Williams, C.D. Williams, and J.E. Franklin. 2004. Beyond smoke and mirrors: a synthesis of fire policy and science. Conservation Biology. 18, 976-986 (343KB PDF).

Dombeck, M. P., J. E. Williams, and C. A. Wood. 2004. Wildfire policy and public lands: integrating scientific understanding with social concerns across landscapes. Conservation Biology 18, 883-889 (218KB PDF).

Ehle, D.S., and W.L. Baker. 2003. Disturbance and Stand Dynamics in Ponderosa Pine Forests in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA. Ecological Monographs, 73(4) 543–566 (1.97MB PDF).

Fairbrother, A., and J.G. Turnley. 2005. Predicting Risks of Uncharacteristic Wildfires: Application of the Risk Assessment Process. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005 (235KB PDF).

Fiedler, C.E., et.al. 2004. A Strategic Assessment of Crown Fire Hazard in Montana: Potential Effectiveness and Costs of Hazard Reduction Treatments. U.S. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-622 (1.10MB PDF).

Graves, D.A., and L.F. Neuenschwander. 2003. Crown Fire Assessment in the Urban Intermix: Modeling the Spokane, Washington Ponderosa Pine Forests . U.S. Forest Service, Joint Fire Science Conference and Workshop (179KB PDF).

Hardy, C.C. 2005. Wildland Fire Hazard and Risk: Problems, Definitions, and Context. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005 (208KB PDF).

Hessberg, P.F., J.K. Agee, and J.F. Franklin. 2005. Dry Forests and Wildland Fires of the Inland Northwest USA: Contrasting the Landscape Ecology of the Pre-Settlement and Modern Eras. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005 (1.65MB PDF).

Kaufmann, J.B. 2004. Death rides the forest: perceptions of fire, land use, and ecological restoration of western forests. Conservation Biology 18: 878-882 (193KB PDF).

Lenihan, J.M., Et.Al. 2003. Climate Change Effects on Vegetation Distribution, Carbon, and Fire in California. 1667 Ecological Applications, 13(6) 1667–1681 (640KB PDF).

McKelvey, C.N., et.al. 1996. An Overview of Fire in the Sierra Nevada. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options, University of California, Davis, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, 1996 (56KB PDF).

Martin, R.E., and D.B. Sapsis. 1991. Fires and Agents of Biodiversity: Pyrodiversity Promotes Biodiversity. Proceedings of the Symposium on Biodiversity of Northwestern California, October 28-30, 1991, Santa Rosa, California (2.55MB PDF).

McKenzie, D., et.al. 2004. Climatic Change, Wildfire and Conservation. Conservation Biology, 18(4) 890-902 (432KB PDF).

Minnich, R.A., M.G. Barbour, J.H. Burk, J. Sosa-Ramírez. 2000. Californian mixed-conifer forests under unmanaged fire regimes in the Sierra San Pedro Mártir, Baja California, Mexico. J. of Biogeography 27: 105-129 (1.19MB PDF).

Neary, D.G., et.al. 1999. Fire Effects on Belowground Sustainability: A Review and Synthesis. Forest Ecology and Management 122, 51-71 (KB PDF).

North, Malcolm; Peter Stine, Kevin O'Hara, William Zielinski, and Scott Stephens. 2009. An ecosystem management strategy for Sierran mixed-conifer forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-220. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 49 p.

Odion, D.C., et.al. 2004. Patterns of fire severity and forest conditions in the western Klamath Mountains, California. Conservation Biology, 18, 927-936 (273KB PDF).

O’Laughlin, J. 2005. Policy Issues Relevant to Risk Assessments, Balancing Risks, and the National Fire Plan: Needs and Opportunities. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005 (166KB PDF).

Perry, D.A., et.al. 2004. Forest Structure and Fire Susceptibility in Volcanic Landscapes of the Eastern High Cascades, Oregon. Conservation Biology, 18(4) 913-926 (320KB PDF).

Peterson, D. L., et.al. 2005. Forest Structure and Fire Hazard in Dry Forests of the Western United States. U.S. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR 628 (1.76MB PDF).

Pyne, S. 2004. Pyromancy: Reading Stories in the Flames. Conservation Biology 18(4) 874-877 (133KB PDF).

Scott, J.H., and E.D. Reinhardt. 2001. Assessing Crown Fire Potential by Linking Models of Surface and Crown Fire Behavior. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mtn. Research Station, Research Paper RMRS-RP-29 (482KB PDF).

Scott, J.H. 2003. Canopy Fuel Treatment Standards for the Wildland-Urban Interface. U.S. Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-29. 2003 (96KB PDF).

Smith, J.K., ed. 2000. Wildland fire in Ecosystems: Effects of Fire on Fauna. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mtn. Research Station, Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR 42, vol. 1. Ogden, Utah, 83 p (1.36MB PDF).

Van Mantgem, P., and M. Schwartz. 2003. Bark Heat Resistance of Small Trees in Californian Mixed Conifer Forests: Testing Some Model Assumptions. Forest Ecology and Management 178, 341–352 (236KB PDF).

Wilson, J.S., and P.J. Baker. 1998. Mitigating Fire risk to Late-successional Forest Reserves on the East Slope of the Washington Cascade Range, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 110, 59-75 (816KB PDF).

Fire History

Brown, P.M., M.R. Kaufmann, and W.D. Sheppard. 1999. Long-term, Landscape Patterns of Past Fire Events in a Montane Ponderosa Pine Forest of Central Colorado. Landscape Ecology 14, 513–532 (408KB PDF).

Cortner, H.J., et.al. 2003. Humans, Fires, and Forests: Social science applied to fire management. Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona (550KB PDF).

Hessburg, P.F., J.K. Agee, and J.F. Franklin. 2005. Dry Forests and Wildland Fires of the Inland Northwest USA: Contrasting the Landscape Ecology of the Pre-settlement and Modern Eras. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005 (KB PDF).

Moody, T.J., J. Fites-Kaufman, and S.L. Stephens. 2006. Fire History and Climate Influences from Forests in the Northern Sierra Nevada, USA. Fire Ecology, 2(1) 115-141 (6.18MB PDF).

Stephens, S.L., C.N. Skinner, and S.J. Gill, 2003. Dendrochronology-Based Fire History of Jeffrey pine – mixed conifer Forests in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mexico. Can. J. For. Res. 33, 1090–1101 (387KB PDF).

Stephens, S.L., R.E. Martin, and N.E. Clinton. 2007. Prehistoric Fire Area and Emissions from California’s Forests, Woodlands, Shrublands, and Grasslands. Forest Ecology and Management, 2007 (363KB PDF).

Syphard, A.D., Et.Al. 2007. Human Influence on California Fire Regimes. Ecological Applications, 17(5) 1388–1402 (924KB PDF).

Taylor, A.H., and C.N. Skinner. 1998. Fire History and Landscape Dynamics in a Late-successional Reserve, Klamath Mountains, California, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 111, 285-301 (397KB PDF).

Taylor, A.H. 2007. Forest Changes Since Euro-American Settlement and Ecosystem Restoration in the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA. U.S. Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-203 (2.14MB PDF).

Fuels Management

Agee, J.K., et.al. 2000. The Use of Shaded Fuelbreaks in Landscape Fire Management. Forest Ecology and Management 127, 55-66 (781KB PDF).

Agee, J.K., and C.N. Skinner. Basic Principles of Forest Fuel Reduction Treatments. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005 (915KB PDF).

Arbaugh, M.J., J. Merzenich, J.W. van Wagtendonk. 1999. A Test of the Strategic Fuels Management Model VDDT Using Historical Data from Yosemite National Park. U.S. Forest Service, Joint Fire Science Conference and Workshop (91KB PDF).

Backer, D.M., S. Jensen, and G.R. McPherson. 2004. Impacts of Fire-Suppression Activities on Natural Communities. Conservation Biology 18, 937-946 (133KB PDF).

Beukema, S.J., et.al. 1999. An Overview of the Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator. U.S. Forest Service, Joint Fire Science Conference and Workshop (81KB PDF).

Borchers, J.G. 2005. Accepting Uncertainty, Assessing Risk: Decision Quality in Managing Wildfire, Forest Resource Values, and New Technology. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005 (179KB PDF).

Carey, H., and M. Schumann. 2003. Modifying WildFire Behavior – The Effectiveness of Fuel Treatments: The Status of Our Knowledge. National Community Forestry Center Southwest Region Working Paper (730KB PDF).

Coulter, E., K. Coulter, and T. Mason, 2002. Dry Forest Mechanized Fuels Treatment Trials Project. Final Report. Central Oregon Intergovernmental Council (1.62MB PDF).

Crookston, N.L., W.A. Kurz, and E.D. Reinhardt. 1999. Relationships Between Models Used to Analyze Fire and Fuel Management Alternatives. U.S. Forest Service, Joint Fire Science Conference and Workshop (35KB PDF).

Finney, M.A. 1999. Spatial Patterns of Fuel Treatments and Some Effects of Fire Growth and Behavior. U.S. Forest Service, Joint Fire Science Conference and Workshop (142KB PDF).

Fule, P.Z., et.al. 2001. Measuring Forest Restoration Effectiveness in Reducing Hazardous Fuels. Journal of Forestry, 24-29 (311KB PDF).

Graham, R.T., T.B. Jain, and A.E. Harvey. 1999. Fuel: Logs, Sticks, Needles, Duff, and Much More. U.S. Forest Service, Joint Fire Science Conference and Workshop (38KB PDF).

Graham, R.T., S. McCaffrey, and T.B. Jain. 2004. Science Basis for Changing Forest Structure to Modify Wildfire Behavior and Severity. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mtn. Research Station Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-120 (2.79MB PDF).

Graham, R.T., et.al. 1999. The Effects of Thinning and Similar Stand Treatments on Fire Behavior in Western Forests. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-463 (338KB PDF).

Ingalsbee, T. 2005. Fuelbreaks for Wildland Fire Management: A Moat or a Drawbridge for Ecosystem Fire Restoration? Fire Ecology, 1(1) 85-99 (142KB PDF).

Keeley, J.E., A.H. Pfaff, and H.D. Safford. 2005. Fire Suppression Impacts on Postfire Recovery of Sierra Nevada Chaparral Shrublands. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 14, 255-265 (1.5MB PDF).

Loehle, C. 2004. Applying Landscape Principles to Fire Hazard Reduction. Forest Ecology and Management 198, 261–267 (145KB PDF).

Martinson, E.J., and P.N. Omi. 2003. Performance of Fuel Treatments Subjected to Wildfires. U.S. Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-29 (467KB PDF).

Nitschke, C.R. 2005. Does Forest Harvesting Emulate Fire Disturbance? A Comparison of Effects on Selected Attributes in Coniferous-dominated Headwater Systems. Forest Ecology and Management 214, 305–319 (244KB PDF).

O’Laughlin, J. 2005. Conceptual Model for Comparative Ecological Risk Assessment of Wildfire Effects on Fish, With and Without Hazardous Fuel Treatment. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005 (301KB PDF).

Omi, P.N., and E.J. Martinson. 2002. Effect of Fuels Treatment on Wildfire Severity. Final Report. Western Forest Fire Research Center Colorado State University, 40 p (1.72MB PDF).

Pollet, J., and P.N. Omi. 1999. Effect of Thinning and Prescribed Burning on Wildfire Severity in Ponderosa Pine Forests. U.S. Forest Service, Joint Fire Science Conference and Workshop (26KB PDF).

Raymond, C.L. 2004. The Effects of Fuel Treatments on Fire Severity in a Mixed-Evergreen Forest of Southwestern Oregon. Master’s Thesis, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle, Washington, 72 p. (1.14MB PDF).

Reinhardt, E.D., R.E. Keane, D.E. Calkin, and J.D. Cohen. 2008. Objectives and considerations for wildland fuel treatment in forested ecosystems of the interior western United States. Forest Ecology and Management 256:1997-2006 (191 KB PDF).

Rhodes, J.J. 2007. The Watershed Impacts of Forest Treatments to Reduce Fuels and Modify Fire Behavior. Final Report. Pacific Rivers Council, Eugene, Oregon (1.55MB PDF).

Schoennagel, T., T.T. Veblen, and W.H. Romme. 2004. The Interaction of Fire, Fuels, and Climate across Rocky Mountain Forests. Bioscience, 54(7) 661-676 (1.59KB PDF).

Schoennagel, T., C. Nelson, D. Theobald, G. Carnwath, and T. Chapman. 2009. Implementation of National Fire Plan treatments near the wildland urban- interface in the western United States. PNAS in press.

Stephens, S. L. 1998. Evaluation of the Effects of Silvicultural and Fuels Treatments on Potential Fire Behavior in Sierra Nevada Mixed-conifer Forests. Forest Ecology and Management 105, 21-35 (547KB PDF).

Stephens, S. L., and J.J. Moghaddas. 2005. Experimental Fuel Treatment Impacts on Forest Structure, Potential Fire Behavior, and Predicted Tree Mortality in a California Mixed Conifer Forest. Forest Ecology And Management 215, 21–36 (199KB PDF).

Thompson, J.R., T.A. Spies, and L.M. Ganio. 2007. Reburn Severity in Managed and Unmanaged Vegetation in a Large Wildfire. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(25) 10743–10748 (1.08MB PDF).

Weise, D.R., et.al. 1999. A Risk-Based Comparison of Potential Fuel Treatment Trade-Off Models. U.S. Forest Service, Joint Fire Science Conference and Workshop (180KB PDF).

Zimmerman, G.T. 2003. Closing Comments: Fire, Fuel Treatments, and Ecological Restoration—Proper Place, Appropriate Time. U.S. Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-29 (59KB PDF).

Post-fire Effects

Benda, L., et.al. 2003. Effects of Post-wildfire Erosion on Channel Environments, Boise River, Idaho. Forest Ecology and Management 178, 105–119 (646KB PDF).

Beyers, J.L. 2004. Postfire Seeding for Erosion Control: Effectiveness and Impacts on Native Plant Communities. Conservation Biology, 18(4) 947-956 (145KB PDF).

Hanson, C.T., and M.P. North. 2006. Post-fire Epicormic Branching in Sierra Nevada Abies concolor (white fir). International Journal of Wildland Fire, 15, 31–35 (267KB PDF).

Kotliar, N.B., S.L. Haire, and C.H. Key. 2003. Lessons From the Fires of 2000: Post-Fire Heterogeneity in Ponderosa Pine Forests. U.S. Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-29 (33KB PDF).

McHugh, C.W., and T.E. Kolb. 2003. Ponderosa Pine Mortality Following Fire in Northern Arizona. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 12, 7-22 (228KB PDF).

Saab, V.A., J. Dudley, and W.L. Thompson. 2004. Factors Influencing Occupancy of Nest Cavities in Recently Burned Forests. The Condor106, 20-36 (183KB PDF).

Shatford, J.P.A., D.E. Hibbs, and K.J. Puettmann. 2007. Conifer Regeneration after Forest Fire in the Klamath-Siskiyous: How Much, How Soon? Journal of Forestry, April/May 2003, 139-146 (4MB PDF).

Weatherspoon, C.P. and C.N. Skinner. 1995. An Assessment of Factors Associated with Damage to Tree Crowns form the 1987 Wildfires in Northern California. Forest Science, 41(3) 430-451 (2.28MB PDF).

Prescribed Fire

Knapp, E.E., et.al. 2005. Fuel Reduction and Coarse Woody Debris Dynamics with Early Season and Late Season prescribed Fire in a Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer Forest. Forest Ecology and Management 208, 383–397 (395KB PDF).

Fule, P.Z., et.al. 2004. Effects of an Intense Prescribed Forest Fire: Is It Ecological Restoration? Restoration Ecology, 12(2) 220-230 (516KB PDF).

Keifer, M., N.L. Stephenson, and J. Manley. 2000. Prescribed Fire as the Minimum Tool for Wilderness Forest and Fire Regime Restoration: A Case Study from the Sierra Nevada, CA. Proceedings: Wilderness Science in a Time of Chance. Proc. RMRSP- 000. Ogden, UT, U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station (35KB PDF).

Mutch, L.S., and D.J. Parsons. 1998. Mixed Conifer Forest Mortality and Establishment Before and After Prescribed Fire in Sequoia National Park, California. Forest Science, 44 (2) 341-355 (191KB PDF).

Opperman, T., M. Keifer, and L. Trader. 2001. Meeting Resource Management Objectives with Prescribed Fire. Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands, The George Wright Society, 2001 (1.14MB PDF).

Pollet, J., and P.N. Omi. 1999. Effect of Thinning and Prescribed Burning on Wildfire Severity in Ponderosa Pine Forests. The Joint Fire Science Conference and Workshop, U.S. Forest Service, 1999 (26KB PDF).

Stephens, S.L., and M.A. Finney. 2002. Prescribed Fire Mortality of Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer Tree Species: Effects of Crown Damage and Forest Floor Combustion. Forest Ecology and Management 162, 261–271 (147KB PDF).

Salvage Logging Science

Salvage Logging Science

Baird, B.N. 2006. Comment on ‘‘Post-Wildfire Logging Hinders Regeneration and Increases Fire Risk’’. Technical Comment, Science Vol. 313. (42KB PDF)

Beschta, R.L., et.al. 1995. Wildfire and Salvage Logging: Recommendations for Ecologically Sound Post-Fire Salvage Logging and Other Post-Fire Treatments on Federal Lands in the West. Pacific Rivers Council. Eugene, OR. 14 pp. (361KB PDF)

Beschta, R.L. et.al. 2004. Postfire Management on Forested Public Lands of the Western United States. Conservation Biology, 18(4) 957-967. (41KB PDF)

Donato, D.C., et.al. 2006. Post-Wildfire Logging Hinders Regeneration and Increases Fire Risk. Science Express Brevia, Science, Vol. 311. no. 5759. (339KB PDF)

Donato, D.C., et.al. 2006. Response to Comments on ‘‘Post-Wildfire Logging Hinders Regeneration and Increases Fire Risk’’. Technical Comment, Science Vol. 313. (121KB PDF)

Duncan, S. 2002. Postfire logging: is it beneficial to a forest? Science Findings (47). USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. (233KB PDF)

Foster, D.R., and D.A. Orwig. 2006. Preemptive and Salvage Harvesting of New England Forests: When Doing Nothing Is a Viable Alternative. Conservation Biology, 20(4) 959–970. (545KB PDF)

Hutto, R.L. 2006. Toward Meaningful Snag-Management Guidelines for Postfire Salvage Logging in North American Conifer Forests. Conservation Biology, 20(4) 984–993. (325KB PDF)

Ingalsbee, T. 2003. Salvaging Timber; Scuttling Forests: The Ecological Effects of Post-Fire Salvage Logging. Western Fire Ecology Center, American Lands Alliance. (42KB PDF)

Karr, J. R., et.al. 2004. The Effects of Postfire Salvage Logging on Aquatic Ecosystems in the American West. Bioscience 54,1029-1033. (465KB PDF)

Lindenmayer, D.B., and R.F. Noss. 2006. Salvage Logging, Ecosystem Processes, and Biodiversity Conservation. Conservation Biology, 20(4) 949–958. (298KB PDF)

Lindenmayer, D.B., and K. Ough. 2006. Salvage Logging in the Montane Ash Eucalypt Forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria and Its PotentialImpacts on Biodiversity. Conservation Biology, 20(4) 1005–1015. (237KB PDF)

McIver, J.D., and L. Starr. 2000. Environmental Effects of Postfire Logging: Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography. U.S. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR 486. (396KB PDF)

McIver, J.D., and R. Ottmar. 2007. Fuel Mass and Stand Structure After Post-fire Logging of a Severely Burned Ponderosa Pine Forest in Northeastern Oregon. Forest Ecology and Management 238, 268–279. (857KB PDF)

Newton, M., et.al. 2006. Comment on ‘‘Post-Wildfire Logging Hinders Regeneration and Increases Fire Risk’’. Technical Comment, Science Vol. 313. (58KB PDF)

Reeves, G.H., et.al. 2006. Postfire Logging in Riparian Areas. Conservation Biology, 20(4) 994–1004. (215KB PDF)

Other Post-fire Science

Benda, L., et.al. 2003. Effects of Post-wildfire Erosion on Channel Environments, Boise River, Idaho. Forest Ecology and Management 178, 105–119. (646KB PDF)

Beyers, J.L. 2004. Postfire Seeding for Erosion Control: Effectiveness and Impacts on Native Plant Communities. Conservation Biology, 18(4) 947-956. (145KB PDF)

Hanson, C.T., and M.P. North. 2006. Post-fire Epicormic Branching in Sierra Nevada Abies concolor (white fir). International Journal of Wildland Fire, 15, 31–35. (267KB PDF)

Kotliar, N.B., S.L. Haire, and C.H. Key. 2003. Lessons from the Fires of 2000: Post-Fire Heterogeneity in Ponderosa Pine Forests. U.S. Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-29. (33KB PDF)

McHugh, C.W., and T.E. Kolb. 2003. Ponderosa Pine Mortality Following Fire in Northern Arizona. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 12, 7-22. (228KB PDF)

Saab, V.A., J. Dudley, and W.L. Thompson. 2004. Factors Influencing Occupancy of Nest Cavities in Recently Burned Forests. The Condor106, 20-36. (183KB PDF)

Shatford, J.P.A., D.E. Hibbs, and K.J. Puettmann. 2007. Conifer Regeneration after Forest Fire in the Klamath-Siskiyous: How Much, How Soon? Journal of Forestry, April/May 2003, 139-146. (4MB PDF)

Weatherspoon, C.P. and C.N. Skinner. 1995. An Assessment of Factors Associated with Damage to Tree Crowns form the 1987 Wildfires in Northern California. Forest Science, 41(3) 430-451. (2.3MB PDF)

Climate Change

Anthoni, P. et al. 2002. Seasonal differences in carbon and water vapor exchange in young and old-growth ponderosa pine ecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 111: 203–222. (459 KB)

Baldocci, D. 2008. 'Breathing' of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from a global
network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems. Australian Journal of Botany, 56, 1–26.(805 KB PDF)

Battles, J. J., Robards, T., Das, A., Waring, K., Gilless, K., Biging, G. and Schurr, F. 2008. Climate change impacts on forest growth and tree mortality: a data-driven modeling study in the mixed conifer forest of the Sierra Nevada, California. Climatic Change 87 (Suppl 1):S193–S213. (487 KB PDF)

Battles, J.J. et al. 2009. Projecting climate change impacts on forest growth and yield for California's Sierran Mixed Conifer forests. Report from California Climate Change Center. CEC-500-2009-047-D. (2.02 MB PDF)

Boerner, R.E.J., J. Huang, and S. Hart. 2008. Fire, thinning, and the carbon economy: Effects of fire and fire surrogate treatments on estimated carbon storage and sequestration rate. For. Ecol. and Mgmt. 255: 3081-3097. (1.81 MB PDF)

Concilio, A., J. Chen, S. Ma, and M. North. 2009. Precipitation drives interannual variation in summer soil respiration in a Mediterranean-climate, mixed-conifer forest. Climate Change 92:109-122. (365 KB PDF)

Depro B.M., B. Murray, R. Alig, A. Shanks. 2008. Public land, timber harvests, and climate
mitigation: Quantifying carbon sequestration potential on U.S. public timberlands. Forest Ecology and Management 255: 1122–1134. (821 KB PDF)

Dixon, K., S. Brown, R. A. Houghton, A. M. Solomon, M. C. Trexler and J. Wisniewski. 1994. Carbon Pools and Flux of Global Forest Ecosystems. Science 263 (4144) : 185-190. (1.45 MB PDF)

Donato, D.C., J.L. Campbell, J.B. Fontaine, and B.E. Law. 2009. Quantifying char in postfire woody detritus inventories. Fire Ecology 5:2(104-115). (1.67 MB PDF)

Fellows, A.W., and M.L. Goulden. 2008. Has fire suppression increased the amount of carbon stored in Western U.S. forests? Geophysical Research Letters 35:L12404, doi:10.1029/2008GL033965.(118 KB PDF)

Field, Christopher B. and Jorg Kaduk. 2004. The carbon balance of an old-growth forest: building across approaches. Ecosystems 7 (5): 525-533. (671 KB PDF)

Goldstein, A.H. et al. 2000. Effects of climate variability on the carbon dioxide, water, and sensible heat fluxes above a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada (CA). Agric. and Forest Meteorology. 101:113-129. (632 KB PDF)

Goward, S.N. et al. 2008. Forest disturbance and North American carbon flux. Eos 89:11;105-116. (235 KB PDF)

Gower, S.T. 2003. Patterns and mechanisms of the forest carbon cycle. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 28:169–204, doi: 10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105515. (621 KB PDF)

Harmon, M, W. Ferrell, and J.F. Franklin. 1990. Effects on carbon storage of conversion of old-growth forests to young forests. Science, 247, 699–702. (457 KB PDF)

Hayhoe, K. et al. 2004. Emissions pathways, climate change, and impacts on California. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(34):12422-12427. (486 KB PDF)

Hudiburg, T. et al. 2009. Carbon dynamics of Oregon and Northern California forests and potential land-based carbon storage. Ecological Applications 19(1):163–180. (2.56 MB PDF)

Hurteau, M.D., B. Hungate, and G. Koch. 2009. Accounting for risk in valuing forest carbon offsets. Carbon Balance and Management. 4:1 doi:10.1186/1750-0680-4-1. (555 KB PDF)

Hurteau, M. and M. North. 2009. Fuel treatment effects on tree-based forest carbon storage and emissions under modeled wildfire scenarios. Front Ecol Environ 2009; 7, doi:10.1890/080049. (212 KB PDF)

Irvine, J., Law, B. E., Hibbard, K. A. 2007. Postfire carbon pools and fluxes in semiarid ponderosa pine in Central Oregon. Glob. Change Biol. 13, 1748–1760.

Jandl, R., M. Lindner, L. Vesterdal, B. Bauwens, R. Baritz, F. Hagedorn, D. W. Johnson, K. Minkkinen, and K. A. Byrne. 2007. How strongly can forest management influence soil carbon sequestration? Geoderma 137 (3-4):253-268. (489 KB)

Janisch, J. E., and M. E. Harmon. 2002. Successional changes in live and dead wood carbon stores: implications for net ecosystem productivity. Tree Physiology 22 (2-3):77-89. (1.83 MB PDF)

Law, B. E., O. J. Sun, J. Campbell, S. Van Tuyl, and P. E. Thornton. 2003. Changes in carbon storage and fluxes in a chronosequence of ponderosa pine. Global Change Biology 9:510-524. (191 KB PDF)

Lenihan, J. M., Bachelet, D., Drapek, R. and Neilson, R. P. 2006. Response of vegetation distribution, ecosystem productivity, and fire in California to future climate scenarios simulated for the MC1 dynamic vegetation model. Calif. Climate Change Report. (756 KB PDF)

Loarie SR, Carter BE, Hayhoe K, McMahon S, Moe R, et al. 2008. Climate change and the future of California’s endemic flora. PLoS ONE 3(6): e2502. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002502. (450 KB PDF)

Luyssaert, S. et al. 2008. Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks. Nature 455:213-215 (11 September 2008) | doi:10.1038/nature07276 (224 KB PDF)

Meigs, G.W. , D.C. Donato, J.L. Campbell, J.G. Martin, and B. E. Law. 2009. Forest fire impacts on carbon uptake, storage, and emission: the role of burn severity in the Eastern Cascades, Oregon. Ecosystems. Published online DOI: 10.1007/s10021-009-9285-x. (709 KB PDF)

Millar, C., Neilson, R., Backlet, D., Drapek, R., and Lenihan, J. 2006. Chapter Three, Climate change at multiple scales. In: Forests, Carbon and Climate Change A synthesis of Science Findings. Oregon Forest Resources Institute. Available at: http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31819.

Millar, C. I., Stephenson, N. L., and Stephens, S. L. 2007. Climate change and forest of the future: Managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecological Applications, 17(8), 2007, pp. 2145–2151. (143 KB PDF)

Mitchell, S.R., M.E. Harmon, and K.E.B. O'Connell. 2009. Forest fuel reduction alters fire severity and long-term carbon storage in three Pacific Northwest ecosystems. Ecol. Appl. 19(3), 2009, pp. 643–655. (408 KB PDF)

Myneni, R.B. et al. 2001. A large carbon sink in the woody biomass of Northern forests. PNAS 98(26):www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.261555198. (476 KB PDF)

Noss, R. 2000. Beyond Kyoto: Forest management in a time of rapid climate change. Con. Bio. 15(3):578-590. (647 KB PDF)

Paw U, K. T., M. Falk, T. H. Suchanek, S. L. Ustin, J. Q. Chen, Y. S. Park, W. E. Winner, S. C. Thomas, T. C. Hsiao, R. H. Shaw, T. S. King, R. D. Pyles, M. Schroeder, and A. A. Matista. 2004. Carbon dioxide exchange between an old-growth forest and the atmosphere. Ecosystems 7 (5):513-524. (402 KB PDF)

Pregitzer, Kurt S. and Eugénie S . Euskirchen. 2004. Carbon cycling and storage in world forests: biome patterns related to forest age. Global Change Biology 10:2052–2077.

Rambo, T.R. and M.P. North. 2009. Canopy microclimate response to pattern and density of thinning
in a Sierra Nevada forest. Forest Ecology and Management 257:435–442. (918 KB PDF)

Schulze, E. D., C. Wirth, and M. Heimann. 2000. Climate change - managing forests after Kyoto. Science, 289:2058-2059. (403 KB PDF)

Tang, Jian Wu. 2003. Soil Carbon Measurement and Modeling in Forest and Savanna Ecosystems of
the Sierra Nevada: Temporal and Spatial Patterns and Management Impact. Dissertation, UC Berkeley. (1.22 MB PDF)

Thomas, C.K., B.E. Law, J. Irvine, J.G. Martin, J.C. Pettijohn, and K.J. Davis. 2009. Seasonal hydrology explains interannual and seasonal variation in carbon and water exchange in a semiarid mature ponderosa pine forest in central Oregon. J. Geophys. Res. 114:G04006, DOI doi:10.1029/2009JG001010. (1.34 MB PDF)

van Mantgem, P. J. et al. 2009. Widespread increase of tree mortality rates in the Western United States. Science 23 January 2009: Vol. 323. no. 5913, pp. 521 - 524 DOI: 10.1126/science.1165000. (152 KB PDF)

Westerling, A. L. et al. 2006. Warming and earlier spring increase Western U.S. forest wildfire activity. Science. 313:940, DOI: 10.1126/science.1128834.

Threatened Habitats

Aquatic / Riparian

Scientific Research

Bisson, P.A., et.al. 2003. Fire and Aquatic Ecosystems of the Western USA: Current Knowledge and Key Questions. Forest Ecology and Management 178, 213–229. (213KB PDF)

Chan, S., P. Anderson J. Cissel, L. Lateen, and C. Thompson. 2004. Variable Density Management in Riparian Reserves: Lessons Learned from an Operational Study in Managed Forests of Western Oregon, USA. Snow Landscape Restoration 78(1) 151-172. (1.96MB PDF)

Derlet, MD, R.W., J.R. Carlson, PhD. 2006. Coliform Bacteria in Sierra Nevada Wilderness Lakes and Streams: What Is the Impact of Backpackers, Pack Animals, and Cattle? Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 17, 15-20. (54KB PDF)

Dwire, K.A., and J.B. Kauffman. 2003. Fire and Riparian Ecosystems in Landscapes of the Western USA. Forest Ecology and Management 178, 61–74. (586KB PDF)

Harris, R.R. 1989. Riparian Communities of the Sierra Nevada and their Environmental Relationships In: Abell, Dana L., Technical Coordinator. 1989. Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems Conference: protection, management, and restoration for the 1990s; 1988 September 22-24; Davis, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-110. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; p. 393-398 . (167KB PDF)

Kattelmann, R., and M. Embury. 1996. Riparian Areas and Wetlands. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. III, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, 1996. (523KB PDF)

Kondolf, G.M., et.al. 1996. Status of Riparian Habitat. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. III, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, 1996. (1.36MB PDF)

Minshall, G.W. 2003. Responses of Stream Benthic Macroinvertebrates to Fire. Forest Ecology and Management 178,155–161. (113KB PDF)

Moore, R.D., D. L. Spittlehouse, and A. Store. Riparian Microclimate and Stream Temperature Response to Forest Harvesting: A Review. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, August 2005, 813-834. (390KB PDF)

Moyle, P., et.al. 1996. Management of Riparian Areas in the Sierra Nevada. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. III, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, 1996. (236KB PDF)

Moyle, P. 1996. Status of Aquatic Habitat Types. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. II, section III: Biological and Physical Elements of the Sierra. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, 1996. (146KB PDF)

Spencer, C.N., K.O. Gabel, and F.R. Hauer. 2003. Wildfire Effects on Stream Food Webs and Nutrient Dynamics in Glacier National Park, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 178, 141–153. (275KB PDF)

Aspen Groves

Scientific Research

Otway, S. G., et.al. 2006. Predicting Ground Fire Ignition Potential in Aspen Communities, In: Andrews, P.L., et.al. 2006. Fuels Management-How to Measure Success: Conference Proceedings. Proceedings RMRS-P-41. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. 537-546. (320KB PDF)

Rogers, P. C., et.al. 2007. Aspen in the Sierra Nevada: Regional Conservation of a Continental Species. Natural Areas Journal 27(2), 183-193. (1.50MB PDF)

Shaw, J. D. 2004. Analysis of Aspen Stand Structure and Composition in the Western U.S.: Implications for Management. In: Proceedings: Canadian Institute of Forestry and Society of American Foresters Joint 2004 Annual General Meeting and Convention, Society of American Foresters. (1.04KB PDF)

Shepperd, W. D.; and S.A. Mata. 2005. Planting Aspen to Rehabilitate Riparian Areas: A Pilot Study. Research Paper, RMRS-RN-26. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 5 p. (328KB PDF)

Shepperd, W.D., et.al. 2006. Ecology, Biodiversity, Management, and Restoration of Aspen in the Sierra Nevada. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-178. Fort Collins, CO, U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station 122 p. (4.79MB PDF)

Montane Meadows

Scientific Research

Kattelmann, R., and M. Embury. 1996. Riparian Areas and Wetlands. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. III, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California,
Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, 1996. (523KB PDF)

Ratliff, R.D. 1985. Meadows in the Sierra Nevada of California: State of Knowledge Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-84. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 52 p. (2MB PDF)

Oak Woodlands

Scientific Research

Camping, T. J., et.al. 2002. Change in Soil Quality Due to Grazing and Oak Tree Removal in California Blue Oak Woodlands. In: Standiford, Richard B., et al, tech. editor. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California's Challenging Landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-184, Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture: 75-85. (552KB PDF)

Gaman, T., and J. Firman. 2006. Oaks 2040: The Status and Future of Oaks in California. California Oak Foundation. 55 pp. (1.78MB PDF)

Garrison, B.A., et.al. 2002. Age Structure and Growth of California Black Oak (Quercus kelloggii) in the Central Sierra Nevada, California In: Standiford, Richard B., et. al. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California's Challenging Landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-184, Albany, CA, Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, 665-679. (510KB PDF)

Jackson, R. D., and B. Allen-Diaz. 2002. Nitrogen Dynamics of Spring-fed Wetland Ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada Foothills Oak Woodland. In: Standiford, Richard B., et. al. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California's Challenging Landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-184, Albany, CA, Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, 119-129. (897KB PDF)

Keeley, J. E. 2002. Plant Diversity and Invasives in Blue Oak Savannas of the Southern Sierra Nevada. In: Standiford, Richard B., et. al. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California's Challenging Landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-184, Albany, CA, Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, 693-704. (560KB PDF)

Spero, James G. 2002. Development and Fire Trends in Oak Woodlands of the Northwestern Sierra Nevada Foothills. In: Standiford, Richard B., et. al. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California's Challenging Landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-184, Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, 287-301. (773KB PDF)

Old-growth Forests

Scientific Research

Ansley, J-A.S., and J.J. Battles. 1998. Forest Composition, Structure and Change in an Old-growth Mixed Conifer Forest in the Northern Sierra Nevada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 125(4) 297-308. (418KB PDF)

Barbour, M., et.al. 2002. Present and past old-growth forests of the Lake Tahoe Basin, Sierra Nevada, US. Journal of Vegetation Science 13, 461-472. (141KB PDF)

Franklin, J.F., and J.A. Fites-Kaufmann. 1996. Assessment of Late-Successional Forests of the Sierra Nevada. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, 1996. Large file in four parts: Part 1 (3 MB), Part 2 (4.71 MB) Part 3 (1.57 MB) Part 4 (2.95 MB)

Mazurek, M.J., and W.J. Zielinski. 2004. Individual Legacy Trees Influence Vertebrate Wildlife Diversity in Commercial Forests. Forest Ecology and Management 193, 321–334. (184KB PDF)

North, M., et.al. 2000. Association of Weather and Nest-Site Structure with Reproductive Success in California Spotted Owls. Journal of Wildlife Management 64(3) 797-807. (942KB PDF)

North, M., et.al. 2004. Forest Stand Structure and Pattern of Old-growth Western hemlock/Douglas-fir and Mixed-conifer Forests Forest Science, Vol. 50(3) 299-311. (1.15MB PDF)

Sillett, S.C., et.al. 2000. Dispersal Limitations of Epiphytic Lichens Result in Species Dependent on Old-Growth Forests. Ecological Applications, 10(3), 789–799. (156KB PDF)

Stephens, S.L., and S.J. Gill. 2005. Forest Structure and Mortality in an Old-growth Jeffrey pine-mixed Conifer Forest in North-western Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 205, 15–28. (489KB PDF)

Warbington, R., and D. Beardsley. 2002. 2002 Estimates of Old Growth Forests on the 18 National Forests of the Pacific Southwest Region. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region. (2.94MB PDF)

Wilson, J.S., and P.J. Baker. 1998. Mitigating Fire Risk to Late-successional Forest Reserves on the East Slope of the Washington Cascade Range, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 110, 59-75. (816KB PDF)

Forest Economics

Scientific Research and Reports

Alkire, C. 2003. Economic Value of Golden Trout Fishing in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California. A California Trout Report. (4MB PDF)

Bowker, J.M., et.al. 2005. The Net Economic Value of Wilderness. In: The Multiple Values of Wilderness, Venture Publishing, State College, PA. Pp.161-181. (1.02MB PDF)

Cosgrove, S., E. Nieme, and A. Fifield. 2000. Seeing the Forests for their Green: Economic Benefits of Forest Protection, Recreation and Restoration. A Sierra Club Report. (1.24MB PDF)

Daily, G.C., et.al. 1997. Ecosystem Services: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems. Ecological Society of America, Issues in Ecology, No. 2, Spring 1997. (95KB PDF)

Krieger, D.J. 2001. Economic Value of Forest Ecosystem Services: A Review. A Wilderness Society Analysis. (857KB PDF)

Loomis, J.B. 2000. Economic Values of Protecting Roadless Areas in the U.S.A Wilderness Society and Heritage Forests Campaign Analysis. (208KB PDF)

Moskowitz, K. 1999. Economic Contributions and Expenditures in the National Forests. An American Lands Alliance and John Muir Project Report. (267KB PDF)

Richardson, R.B. 2002. Economic Benefits of Wildlands in the Eastern Sierra Nevada Region of California. A Wilderness Society Report. (629KB PDF)

Stewart, W.C. 1996. Economic Assessment of the Ecosystem. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project (SNEP) Final Report to Congress. Vol. 3, Ch. 23. (1MB PDF)

The Wilderness Society. 2002. California's National Forests and the California Economy. A Wilderness Society Assessment. (200KB PDF)

Industrial Forestlands

ForestEthics Save the Sierra Campaign Website

2006 SPI Profile by George Draffan of Endgame.org (249KB PDF)

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Sierra Nevada Wildlife at Risk

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Scientific Research

Supporting Resources

Scientific Research

Supporting Resources

Forest Monitoring Scientific Papers

Fire and Forest Ecology

Fire Science Research Papers

Fire Ecology

Fire History

Fuels Management

Post-fire Effects

Prescribed Fire

Salvage Logging Science