Black-backed Woodpecker (Picoides arcticus)
Threats
Fire suppression has dramatically altered the diversity of habitats across Sierra Nevada forested landscapes and severely reduced the amount of early post-fire habitat available to fire-dependent species like the Black-backed woodpecker. Between 1940 and 1987, the amount of Black-backed woodpecker habitat was reduced, as a result of fire suppression, to less than 19% of the natural, pre-fire-suppression level. This species has undergone declines over the past century due to fire suppression, cutting of snags, and loss of mature and old-growth forests. However, the greatest impact on the species comes from the logging of post-fire trees, or salvage logging. The Black-backed woodpecker rarely uses even partially logged post-fire forests and it depends on fire-killed trees as habitat for its primary prey. Insects such as wood-boring beetles depend on these burned and dead trees for habitat and in turn they serve as the most significant prey for the Black-backed woodpecker. Salvage logging taking place in the years following a fire greatly impacts the available habitat for the species and reduces its numbers in those areas of the Sierra. Pesticide use in areas which have recently burned as an attempt to keep down the post-fire insect population can also have a negative impact on the species both due to the decreased number of insects to prey upon and the lethal toxicity of pesticides on the birds.
Habitat
The habitat of Black-backed woodpeckers is both early successional and old-growth forests comprised of both coniferous and mixed conifer species. They seem to prefer lodgepole pines and, less commonly, red firs, white pines, and mountain hemlocks. They concentrate in recently burned forests and remain for several years (3 to 5) before leaving due to prey source decline. Their nests are typically found in large snags. The also tend to use edge habitats for nesting between coniferous forest and burns, bogs, meadows, or logged areas. Black-backed woodpeckers migrate long distances to forage on insects that attack burned trees and they reproduce at high levels when such recently burned forests are available. They are year-round residents and are typically found between 5,500 and 9,500 feet in elevation.
Conservation
The black backed woodpecker is considered an indicator species for other snag-dependent species. Their core distribution is the central and northern Sierra and thus is extremely important for the entire California population. The Black-backed woodpecker depends upon "snag forests" and management prescriptions in the Sierra that steer away from salvage logging and adopt a landscape or regional planning scale will go a long way to ensure viability of the species. Land management that supports black-backed species viability in the long-term would include: reducing or eliminating salvage sales in prime woodpecker habitat; retaining all trees with potential nesting cavities; retention of all snags in logged areas; limiting insecticide use; and retaining a variety of dead and dying snags and downed trees for insect prey populations.
Status
The Black-backed woodpecker is a Management Indicator Species (MIS) for National Forests in the Sierra Nevada for snags within burned forests. The Black-backed woodpecker is dependent of post-fire, non-salvaged landscapes and therefore can be expected to be doing well in areas that have recently burned.
Scientific Research
Supporting Resources
California Department of Fish and Game Natural History Information (13KB PDF)